我们身边的STEM 08: 风寒指数Wind Chill Index的意义及编程实现与验证 by julian2013

cn-stem · @julian2013 · Dec 31 '18 (edited)

$5.04

我们身边的STEM 08: 风寒指数Wind Chill Index的意义及编程实现与验证

## 概述：

在文章[我们身边的STEM 07：热指数heat index意义及编程实现——别人的肩膀（3）](https://busy.org/@julian2013/stem-07heat-index3-1gpg5llu)我们介绍了热指数的意义，研究的是在温度较高的环境下人体的感觉及需要在不同热指数等级下所应该注意的危险。

那么，寒来暑往，夏冬更替，有高温对人体的影响，同样就有低温对于人体的影响。

**人体实际感受到的温度是皮肤表面的温度。**在寒冷、有风的气候条件下, 由人体内部传递到皮肤表面的热量会被风迅速吹走, 因此, 皮肤感觉到的温度要比无风的时候更低。

风寒指数WCI（ Wind Chill Index, 也称风冷却指数）是Siple和Passel在1945年提出的。他们之前在南极地区工作，在工作过程中对于温度和风速对于人体的影响产生了兴趣，做了很多相关的研究后提出的。

在不同的风寒指数下，我们需要注意防护等级：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmUCgdtCYWGkVoaKrLbLU5tSwU1jPrrZ7deJjzLXXKpmra)

图源：[wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Windchill_effect_en.svg/430px-Windchill_effect_en.svg.png)

- Very cold：非常冷
- Danger of frostbite：冻伤危险
- Great danger of frostbite：极度冻伤危险

---

## 定义：

风寒指数被定义为皮肤温度为33℃时皮肤表面的冷却速率。风寒指数及其后所衍生出的风寒等效温度得到了广泛应用, 但同时也遭到了一些批判, 如对暴露部位的皮肤温度考虑欠妥、没有考虑最长暴露时间及面部散热过程的复杂性等。最初的WCI计算公式如下：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmcwLdmwuzf524K2MCNUmPbAJ2QwLccfi4ppyK7YuNeg4e)

- WCI = wind chill index, kcal/m2/h
- v = wind velocity, m/s
- Ta = air temperature, °C

---

后来，经过一系列的改善，在2001年11月，加拿大、美国和英国实施了一项新的风寒指数，该指数由科学家和医学专家根据联合行动小组的温度指数（JAG/TI）制定。计算公式如下：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmXqnEbGi17tJVXJv8cupKo8uKvohYhrhaEv1PNeS7WCcC)

- Twc is the wind chill index, based on the °F;
- Ta is the air temperature in °F；
- v is the wind speed in miles per hour。

---

## 编程实现及交叉验证：

**根据维基百科举的例子：空气温度在 −20 °C（-4°F），风速在30 km/h (19 mph)时，风寒指数the wind chill index 是 −33°C.**

根据这个公式，我们写一个计算程序：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmVadm1TZ6RwctPk91BdnkHwujW5fL7Xj3ubZRpPWgvoae)

可以看到，计算结果是-26.74836°F，转换成°C刚好就是−33°C.

实际上，这么简单的算式，也可以不编程，而直接使用excel来计算：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmfQmzUbwNWrfNT1qzjmhvkwrRvNNdr4HpMcScFjLCUAsN)

可以看到，excel计算结果和程序结果相同。

最初的公式和2001年11月的公式计算出来的WCI误差如下图所示：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmYF2P7VVRRRweAg2CBqxjtkZZRKrSSxkmvoCaM6P7qAqf)

图源：[wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/WindChill_Comparison.GIF/351px-WindChill_Comparison.GIF)
可以看出，经过几十年的不断修正，最新版公式考虑了更多的影响因素，计算值在大部分区间，比原始的公式要高一些。

网上找到现成的WCI的计算器，网址：
[https://www.easycalculation.com/weather/wind-chill.php](https://www.easycalculation.com/weather/wind-chill.php)

界面是这样的：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmbwRZUco2q4BAyzFZjy421CX43tqCrmiqMCsCnTd13bzs)

图源：[网页截图](https://www.easycalculation.com/weather/wind-chill.php)

同样可以看到，空气温度在 −20 °C，风速在30 km/h时，风寒指数the wind chill index 是 −33°C。

看看这个计算器是怎样计算的，右键查看源码，从第379行开始，是主程序，包含了一些单位转换。

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmYW6Ddt231qb1VyhEjQV2haLNWbiFJPgpz1zz4TzvDJb1)

图源：[网页源代码截图](https://www.easycalculation.com/weather/wind-chill.php)

可以看到，使用的公式是一样的。

根据这个公式，计算出不同温度，风速下的风寒指数，然后人们根据不同的风寒指数，就需要做不同的防护等级，以免冻伤，这就是我们在开头看到的图表：

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://ipfs.busy.org/ipfs/QmUCgdtCYWGkVoaKrLbLU5tSwU1jPrrZ7deJjzLXXKpmra)

图源：[wikimedia.org](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Windchill_effect_en.svg/430px-Windchill_effect_en.svg.png)

**科技改变生活，科技让生活更美好。**

_参考：[维基百科：Wind_chill](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_chill)_
*[WCI计算器](https://www.easycalculation.com/weather/wind-chill.php)*

---

**我们身边的STEM系列：**

[我们身边的STEM 01：单片机及其堆栈设计小窍门](https://steemit.com/@julian2013/stem-01-sriqgucl)

[我们身边的STEM 02：空气温湿度之水的饱和蒸汽压及其计算函数](https://steemit.com/cn-stem/@julian2013/stem-02-wlzhfayj)

[我们身边的STEM 03：空气温湿度之露点温度及其计算函数](https://steemd.com/cn-stem/@julian2013/stem-03-abxawrm8)

[我们身边的STEM 04：干湿球温度计及露点温度中马格努斯公式的应用](https://steemit.com/cn-stem/@julian2013/stem-04-scwujisr)

[我们身边的STEM 05：露点温度计算的一种偷懒的方法——站在别人的肩膀上](https://steemit.com/@julian2013/stem-05-jjt8e1ad)

[我们身边的STEM 06：湿球温度的意义及计算函数的推导与验证——别人的肩膀（续）](https://steemit.com/cn-stem/@julian2013/stem-06-mlswcxpu)

[我们身边的STEM 07：热指数heat index意义及编程实现——别人的肩膀（3）](https://steemit.com/cn-stem/@julian2013/stem-07heat-index3-1gpg5llu)

---

希望喜欢我文字的人，去看看这个吧，说说对我的看法，请我吃星星

![](https://steemitimages.com/0x0/http://bit.ly/5credstars)

，谢谢啦~
[我的 @ReviewMe 凭证留言板!](https://steemit.com/cn/@julian2013/reviewme-yoursteemitname)

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partiko	79,047,975,650	0.8%
ilovecryptopl	504,629,399	3.45%
purelyscience	117,205,866	10%
vmkoko	143,168,917	37.5%
yomismosoy	225,951,370	50%
dealmoon	164,670,395	50%
moonbbs	163,960,850	50%
ubaldonet	2,075,126,300	80%
bonefish	165,491,700	50%
doneliseo	71,285,178	76%
shine.wong	4,353,013,396	100%
call-me-howie	764,981,932	2.16%
mary11	306,234,400	75%
laiyuehta	257,416,124	7.43%
hansmast	312,890,830	2.16%
turtlegraphics	763,756,819	7.92%
sunai	1,100,793,944	30%
nozuonodie	92,942,756	50%
wstanley226	593,680,262	50%
sevenusdchain	404,357,233	50%
reinaseq	3,087,055,135	70%
osariemen	788,865,970	90%
julian2013	35,620,740,492	100%
blockgatorsarmy	75,145,366	1.2%
clement.poiret	237,458,801	4.32%
teamcn-weekly	165,989,575	50%
roy-rogers	165,856,218	50%
huaren	121,989,032	50%
mitbbs	165,994,652	50%
fran.frey	1,754,289,337	50%
perpetuum-lynx	386,793,416	19.6%
jmiller05	115,943,966	2%
jrevilla	185,482,012	50%
myreader	2,359,150,042,790	28.5%
annaabi	299,699,555	2.16%
alfonzoasdrubal	548,305,430	100%
cn-health	165,636,259	50%
cn-doctors	165,632,352	50%
moniroy	666,140,008	25%
skorup87	16,568,646	11%
swapsteem	445,853,451	10%
trang	344,841,976	2.16%
stem-espanol	39,879,259,339	100%
praditya	1,191,629,473	24%
kissfirer	754,904,568	100%
angoujkalis	115,394,963	2.16%
rhethypo	102,207,605	2.16%
emmyluluameh	64,056,191	50%
delegate4upvot	1,472,009,655	1.6%
predict-crypto	94,653,217	0.08%
chickenmeat	98,579,779	2.16%
javier.dejuan	4,653,177,838	20%
witnesstools	735,089,464	7.92%
fanta-steem	1,937,432,797	30%
xeliram	239,350,989	50%
giulyfarci52	311,009,254	50%
ilovecoding	729,386,395	7.92%
steemcryptosicko	51,998,025,183	11%
alvin0617	168,097,518	2.16%
sherdzio	63,690,702	75%
lordkipas	83,552,006	14.25%
geovaniiworld	51,295,236	50%
sbi10	17,993,239,091	23.49%
steemitbuzz	91,759,300	1%
stem.witness	6,853,766,945	20%
sarhugo	115,871,595	2.16%
kelvinzhang	5,385,772,949	100%
starrouge	196,638,122	5%
nineteensixteen	1,647,112,923	4.8%
steemfuckeos	464,165,698	7.92%
wilmer14molina	1,591,021,976	100%
kingnosa	57,592,590	50%
sskiller	370,761,135	100%
steemall	369,437,288	100%
ascorphat	775,385,324	2.5%
cnstm	80,668,950,901	8%
likuang007	261,270,561	8%
amin-ove	93,860,502	50%
lianjingmedia	139,044,682	8%
hairgistix	1,782,694,142	2.16%
huilco	371,023,479	100%
jpenn	0	65%
steemmyphoto	2,288,676,785	100%
curation.trail	541,747,361	2%
supu	3,109,723,534	2%

@steemcryptosicko · Dec 31 '18

<center>
###### Thank you for using CryptoSicko!
Well done and thank you for joining  and supporting my subscription based upvoting bot that provides you with daily upvotes in exchange for your spare STEEM POWER. 
**Delegation links for CryptoSicko** 
 [100SP](https://steemconnect.com/sign/delegate-vesting-shares?delegatee=steemcryptosicko&vesting_shares=100%20SP) [250SP](https://steemconnect.com/sign/delegate-vesting-shares?delegatee=steemcryptosicko&vesting_shares=250%20SP)[500SP](https://steemconnect.com/sign/delegate-vesting-shares?delegatee=steemcryptosicko&vesting_shares=500%20SP)
</center>

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@julian2013 · Dec 31 '18

Thanks！

Posted using [Partiko iOS](https://steemit.com/@partiko-ios)

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@minnowsupport · Dec 31 '18

<p>Congratulations!  This post has been upvoted from the communal account, @minnowsupport, by kissfirer from the Minnow Support Project. It's a witness project run by aggroed, ausbitbank, teamsteem, someguy123, neoxian, followbtcnews, and netuoso. The goal is to help Steemit grow by supporting Minnows.  Please find us at the <a href="https://discord.gg/HYj4yvw"> Peace, Abundance, and Liberty Network (PALnet) Discord Channel</a>.  It's a completely public and open space to all members of the Steemit community who voluntarily choose to be there.</p> <p>If you would like to delegate to the Minnow Support Project you can do so by clicking on the following links: <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=102530.639667%20VESTS">50SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=205303.639667%20VESTS">100SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=514303.639667%20VESTS">250SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=1025303.639667%20VESTS">500SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=2053030.639667%20VESTS">1000SP</a>, <a href="https://v2.steemconnect.com/sign/delegateVestingShares?delegator=&amp;delegatee=minnowsupport&amp;vesting_shares=10253030.639667%20VESTS">5000SP</a>. <br><strong>Be sure to leave at least 50SP undelegated on your account.</strong></p>

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@steemitboard · Dec 31 '18

Congratulations @julian2013! You have completed the following achievement on the Steem blockchain and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :

<table><tr><td>https://steemitimages.com/60x60/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/postallweek.png</td><td>You published a post every day of the week</td></tr>
</table>

<sub>_[Click here to view your Board](https://steemitboard.com/@julian2013)_</sub>
<sub>_If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word_ `STOP`</sub>


To support your work, I also upvoted your post!


**Do not miss the last post from @steemitboard:**
<table><tr><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues"><img src="https://steemitimages.com/64x128/http://i.cubeupload.com/kf4SJb.png"></a></td><td><a href="https://steemit.com/christmas/@steemitboard/christmas-challenge-send-a-gift-to-to-your-friends-the-party-continues">Christmas Challenge - The party continues</a></td></tr></table>

> You can upvote this notification to help all Steemit users. Learn why [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!

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@cn-stem · Dec 31 '18

請問easycalculation.com的圖片可以免費供商業使用嗎？

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@julian2013 · Dec 31 '18

你好，网站是这样介绍自己的：


Free Calculators and Converters
Your Math (mathematics) is made easy here. Calculate things online with just mouse moves. This free online math web site will help you learn mathematics in a easier way. EasyCalculation will also help you to solve difficult problems too.

这是一个供大家免费学习的网站，也没有别的权力宣告，所以应该可以免费供大家使用的吧

Posted using [Partiko iOS](https://steemit.com/@partiko-ios)

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@cnbuddy · Dec 31 '18

你今天过的开心吗？快来使用超级好用的steemit客户端---[Partiko](https://steemit.com/cnsteem/@skenan/partiko)，这个可是我们华人团队开发的哦。如果不想再收到我的留言，请回复“取消”。

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@julian2013 · Dec 31 '18

没抱上大腿，不开心

Posted using [Partiko iOS](https://steemit.com/@partiko-ios)

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@steemstem · Jan 1 '19

$0.93

re-julian2013-stem-08-wind-chill-index-mdfuxnzj-20190101t190318080z

<div class='text-justify'> <div class='pull-left'> <br /> <center> <img width='125' src='https://i.postimg.cc/9FwhnG3w/steemstem_curie.png'> </center>  <br/> </div> <br /> <br /> 

 This post has been voted on by the **SteemSTEM** curation team and voting trail in collaboration with **@curie**. <br /> 
 If you appreciate the work we are doing then consider [voting](https://www.steemit.com/~witnesses) both projects for witness by selecting [**stem.witness**](https://steemconnect.com/sign/account_witness_vote?approve=1&witness=stem.witness) and [**curie**](https://steemconnect.com/sign/account_witness_vote?approve=1&witness=curie)! <br /> 
For additional information please join us on the [**SteemSTEM discord**]( https://discord.gg/BPARaqn) and to get to know the rest of the community! </div>

👍 steemstem, lafona-miner, lolicorn

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