Ok, I will try to be concise. I am not well known for speaking in brief, but I strive towards being able to.
First principle is, the universe is constantly expanding. The third law of thermodynamics states that you cannot create or destroy energy, only move it. You can also divide it. The resultant shrunken universe (or expanded, both are true) has no more or less energy in it. It is just more complex. Complexity does not cost energy.
Second principle is that electrons move matter around. Electrons bind matter together, everyone knows this. But I believe it also produces the force of gravity. Electrons do not register on any instrument unless they are polarised, as in magnetic fields. In fact, what I am saying is that magnetic fields are, is precisely this polarisation. The electrons are all around all matter, in a vast cloud that I call the 'Electron Fog'. This cloud is generally disorderly, but it contains a thing I have termed 'radial anisotropy'. This means that around the spherical geometry, there is a net electron polarisation towards the centre of any body of matter.
This is how matter retains its coherency. The space itself is expanding at the speed of light outwards from every point. But the electrons surround matter and push it together, at, you guessed it, the speed of light.
These are the first to principles. The next is that in every instance of energy generation, there is three common and geometric patterns occurring, when you see an instance of linear acceleration occurring. The simplest and most obvious example is in the propulsion of a wheeled, internal combustion vehicle. The engine takes radial expansion force from combustion, using pistons and cams, turns it into periodic linear oscillation. This generates torque. Torque is then transmitted to the wheels.
The friction point between the wheels and the giant ball of the earth, equalise the force, centered on that friction point. The car moves forwards, and the world moves backwards. You can't see the world moving backwards, because it is so gigantic, that its influence, like that of the vote of plankton here, does not amount to anything measurable.
So, in summary, I call this the 'Universal Principle of Linear Acceleration'. You have two opposed moments of torque, a friction point, and a net acceleration in the direction along the line where the two torque moments meet at the 'friction point'.
Now, consider a rocket. Does a rocket not demonstrate this same double opposed torque, the 'friction point' at the centre of the explosion, and a net acceleration of matter on one side away from the other?
I think Newton called it 'Impulse'.
But whether it is two wheels pushing against each other, or the spiral of expanding gases of a rocket engine, both share this geometry. It exists on a much smaller scale with animal muscular motion, but is not our movement of walking like that of a wheel pushing using friction against another wheel (the earth)?
Ok, so, what is the centre of these things? The description of the rocket engine, and the combustion engine have a common feature. You take some fuel, contain it somehow so that it can only expand in one direction. But what is this expansion caused by, ultimately.
The conventional explanation is heat. But I disagree. Heat is captured by matter in a structure. This capture is called 'latent heat', and water is the most famous for having the highest 'latent heat capacity'. Latent means hidden. It is there, but it does not act. It is stuck in a tiny orbit, on a scale you can't see, contained within the bonds of the matter, that are held by the electrons. The heat orbits the atomic nuclei, and the structure of the electrons allows these infrared photons to spin in a loop, within the outer boundaries of the influence of the atom.
In fact, the way these engines work, is you trigger the motion of electrons. An atom of oxygen is mixed with the carbon (usually) fuel, and with sufficient heat (or pressure, based on Boyle's law, the two are equivalent) you cause the electrons in the fuel to be disrupted, and the excess electrons of the oxygen then interact with the carbon, and cause a change of structure.
This structure change is unstable, because at sufficient temperature, it can continue until there is no more electrons available to alter the structure. In chemistry this is called 'energy of equilibrium'. This is why it is easy to make carbon dioxide, but it is hard to make carbon dioxide back into water and hydrogen. Or carbohydrates, which are carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. You change the ratios in the chamber, add heat/pressure, and the arrangement changes according to whatever remains resistant to the level of infrared electrons bouncing around after they are unleashed by the reaction, from their orbit (latency) around the atoms.
So, in fact, what unleashes the energy of gasoline in the fuel, is not the heat. You provide the catalyst, using the compression (pressure, equal to heat) and the spark (electrons) or in the case of the diesel engine, compression alone is enough, assuming you first boil the diesel. The substances cannot maintain coherence of their structures, that is to say, the electrons no longer hold the nuclei together anymore.
It is the movement of electrons that causes this heat to be released. But this is not what creates the repulsion. It is the rearrangement of the electrons that causes the photons to be thrown out of their 'latent' orbits around the matter.
So, in fact, it is not the heat that causes motion, it is the disorderly patterns of electrons during the oxidation reaction, that cause propulsion.
I hope you have followed up to this point. To me this is all such pretty pictures in my mind.
So... how do you exploit this knowledge, how do you produce linear acceleration (aka, motion) without heat?
Well! I did a bit of research into the mechanism of the, one and only, Tesla Coil, and in fact, this is the core circuit that my proposed device operates upon. Just a small, passive physical addition, and substitution of all the air cores and air gaps in the circuit with vacuum.
So, first, before I can explain that, I have to explain some principles of magnetism. A coil of wire activated by a DC current has a magnetic field. But this field is weak without a ferromagnetic core in it. In fact, if you get a coil of wire, put DC current through it, and then tentatively put a rod of iron, cobalt or nickel in the middle, *BAM* SHLURP in it goes. While the current is on the coil, the rod of ferromagnetic material wants to stay right where it is, in the middle of the coil.
This property is called 'magnetic permeability'. Magnetic fields can travel in higher density, through ferromagnetic materials, than anything else. They can travel through other materials, but the density is limited. There is even a type of material that does the opposite, called 'diamagnetic' but I will discuss that in a minute.
In electromagnetic circuitry, the strength of the field is influenced by the permeability of the core of the coil. But ferromagnetic materials also have another important property called 'hysteresis'. Hysteresis basically means that there is a specific ratio of time, per field density, per change, that can occur. Ferromagnetic core electromagnetic devices have a maximum frequency of oscillation. The reason is, the atoms within the ferromagnetic material resist a change in magnetic field orientation beyond a given rate of angular momentum (velocity). This is Hysteresis.
So, I am now ready to explain why my proposed device uses vacuum cores instead of air cores, like the Tesla Coil. In this I will also explain how Tesla coils produce lightning, yet are not electrostatic in their fundamental mechanism, like van der Graaf generators.
The hysteresis of the core of a coil, limits how fast the coil can flip between polarities. That is, in an AC current, you have a pulse of DC in one direction, and then in another. The rate at which you can have the conductor in the coil reverse DC current is limited by the core of your solenoid (the total device, the wire coil, and the core, is called a solenoid). While on one hand, your magnetic field density is limited by the permeability of the core, the hysteresis limits also the frequency of oscillation.
This is the reason why the Tesla coil has in the 'tower' coil below the toroid coil, and in the toroid coil itself, air cores. The HV transformer that steps up the voltage from your original AC source has a nice big fat ferrite core, because you are driving a large amount of amperage into the circuit. Permeability and Hysterersis go together, the higher the former, the lower the latter. The limit is in fact about the frequency of microwaves. You cannot make a ferromagnetic cored coil oscillate faster than in a magnetron.
So, I have explained how part of what makes a Tesla coil work, is those air cores, which permit ultra high voltage, ultra high frequency currents to flip back and forth.
Next, how does the Tesla coil generate such high frequencies that you need to leave out the ferromagnetic cores? It's the spark gap. This, combined with a high capacity, er, capacitor (or bank) is how.
The HV transformer in this loop of the circuit steps up the voltage. The capacitor stores it, and releases it as its capacity is reached. The spark gap, in fact, is another type of capacitor. It just has a vanishingly small capacitance (farads). So the power is pumped in, levered by the HV transformer to a very high voltage, the capacitor captures large amounts of power, and leaks them out very slowly, and then this drives the spark gap, which is a very small capacitor, which then generates a very high frequency pulse.
You may not have grasped exactly why this is so important, but I will just continue onwards, because you will get it as I continue my description.
So, the capacitance of air... it's higher than vacuum. The hysteresis of vacuum, is lower than air. So if we want to up the frequency of oscillation of the circuit, we have to eliminate air in the spark gap. Furthermore, we have to also eliminate it in the vertical coil of the emitter, which feeds from the spiral coil at its base, which is the 4th component of the middle circuit of the Tesla coil.
So I have explained how the spark gap must be made smaller, and be within a vacuum, as this increases the frequency of the output of the coil. And I have explained that the linear coil and toroidal coil at the top must also have vacuum cores, because now we have even higher frequencies.
Now I will just briefly address how it is that a conventional (airgap/aircore) tesla coil works. The frequency that this circuit generates, is so high, that it is at or beyond what we call cosmic waves. This is 'ionising' radiation. But it is not the regular kind of nasty cancer causing x/gamma type ionising radiation.
However, it flips so fast, that it in fact effectively causes a similar effect as electrostatic generation, as in the van der Graaf generator. The former works because it rubs surfaces together. This surface is electrostatically charged, like one face of the capacitors, without any other side, and whether it can discharge depends on the resistance between it and the nearest conductor to earth, or to positive (electrons are 'negative').
Thus, at the surface of the toroid emitter coil, there is such a high frequency of electric oscillation, that when air itself comes into contact with it, it becomes electrostatically charged, and *POW* lightningbolts.
But they are not caused by static electricity, but because the polarity in the coil flips so fast that it 'rubs' the air itself, just as getting an acrylic rod and a rabbit skin, you can make the acrylic rod (and rabbit fur) attract small objects... The same phenomenon is occuring. The size of the loops the magnetic field oscillates around, are the same scale as electrostatic, friction based phenomena.
So, now I have explained how the Tesla coil produces an effect that resembles massive electrostatic phenomena, simply through the resonance of a spark gap, through radial/linear transformer coil array (with toroidal array at the top).
It is not carcinogenic, but it could kill you, depending on the voltage. This device basically is an AC->static electricity generator.
But that is only because it is limited in its frequency by an air (versus vacuum gap) spark gap and then carries the resultant high frequency electricity through an *air gapped* coil up to the toroidal emitter coil.
If the air gap was shorter, and not air, but vacuum, its capacitance would drop. Therefore, its frequency would rise even higher. But the radial/linear transformer coil on the other side, could not transmit this. So its linear coil, at least, has to be vacuum. I have not thought through the differences between radial and linear transformer coils, and why Tesla's famous coil uses a radial emitter and linear collector in the tower. I think it has to do with impulse, or in wave mechanics, the difference between a sawtooth and a sinewave. Or perhaps the obverse.
To be honest, I don't know if this final transformer needs to be purely linear, purely radial, or as Tesla's coil, the hybrid of both. This is something that I still have to work out. Again, it is a purely visual thing, you can picture it, if you have the imagination, of the magnetic fields reaching out from the coils.
I will leave that aside for the moment. The point is, so we have a vacuum spark gap, with very very low capacitance. It produces orders of magnitude higher frequency pulses. These pulses can only travel properly through a vacuum. Air will impede them, by hysteresis. In other words, possibly the emitter coil of my proposed device may have a vacuum core, or be within a disc-shaped vacuum. This is something I have not figured out. Sorry to repeat this, but I have to emphasise that the best guess I have is that this linear/radial combination in the conventional tesla coil design creates sawtooth waves instead of sinewaves.
It is an important point, because it also implies that the frequencies made by the standard circuit, have to be 'sharpened' to create this electrostatic induction effect, without involving friction or the direct use of capacitors.
It also suggests that if you can increase the oscillation frequency, that you can change what happens at the emitter end, in the toroid coil. Cosmic rays cause atoms to electrostatically ionise. This is not a high enough frequency for our purposes.
If you followed what I said about the disorderly motion of electrons being at the centre of the expansion force of combustion, then you would grasp that this must be higher frequency (lower wavelength) than to generate electrostatic effects.
So at this point I am going to discuss the Em-drive. This is a new, elecromagnetic impulse generator system, that uses a magnetron.
They don't last very long, or cannot be run for long, because the microwaves are reabsorbed by the coil and cause heating. This blows out the coil because heat raises resistance. In an explosion, this is not a problem, it induces the electrons to oscillate at frequencies that I am proposing cause the repulsion effect that causes impulse.
So, yes, I am at the point where I have to experiment with coil geometries to determine how to allow the maximum frequency possible.
Thus I leave this aside for the moment. The EM drive produces a stream of these disordered electrons, that vacuum pendulums have verified cause the transmission of mechanical motion. Impulse, in other words.
So the exact geometry of my circuit probably differs from the tesla coil beyond the radial coil emitter in the middle part of the circuit. I *think* it is just a matter of putting vacuum in the core of the vertical coil, to reduce hysteresis, and allow this oscillating current to transmit efficiently.
So, let's just ignore that for now, and assume that by using a narrower, vacuum gap, we are transmitting an even higher frequency signal between the radial emitter coil and the hypothetical vertical vacuum core coil, which then leads to our toroidal coil, which must therefore also be vacuum cored.
Then, we put this toroidal, vacuum core coil in the middle of a chamber.
Oh, I can't post more than this at once. To be continued.