至孝尊亲 by longye

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· @longye ·
$23.19
至孝尊亲
 
当今社会不少人感慨:树欲静而风不止,子欲养而亲不待。这种感慨越来越得到人们的共鸣,它背后反映的其实是我们整个社会群体对于当下社会现实的无奈。如今留守儿童、空巢老人、失独父母等群体虽然颇受关注,但其物质生活及精神层面依然存在问题。

《弟子规》也提倡:“首孝悌,次谨信。”

首要的就是孝顺、尊敬父母长辈,团结、关爱兄弟姐妹,其次就是谨慎规范言行举止,严格做到诚实守信。

《弟子规》脱胎于《论语》,它的中心理论自然是儒家思想的集中体现。“首孝悌,次谨信”点出的是《弟子规》的主要内容,亦即它所要宣扬的主题思想:一是孝悌,二是谨信。在“孝悌”方面,它探究的是人与人的关系,包括人要对父母孝、对兄弟悌、对国家忠,这种关系有着相对性和社会性的特点;而在“谨信”方面,它探究的是人与自己的关系,包括言行举止要谨慎有礼,为人处世要诚实守信,这种关系有着绝对性与内省性的特点。
 
《弟子规》的主要内容体现了中国传统文化中“孝”文化与“信”文化的重要地位。“孝”的基本要义概括了以家庭为单位的社会结构应遵守的秩序伦常,而“信”的丰富内涵则定义了社会群体之间沟通交流的原则准绳。“百善孝为先”“人无信不立”等世代相传的名句无一不彰显了“孝”“信”文化在中华民族的悠久历史长河中始终根深蒂固的崇高地位。
 
对于古代的封建统治阶级来说,“孝”文化与“信”文化是其巩固政权的良好工具。因为推广“孝”文化,教化风气,有利于促进家庭和谐,使得人人守孝忠君,进而维护社会的稳定。譬如汉武帝刘彻提倡“以孝治国”,其目的主要还是为施行自己“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”的思想方略服务的。
 
而推广“信”文化,肃清秩序,则有利于加强道德建设,使得人人守信讲礼,进而推动社会的发展。譬如着名的历史典故“商鞅立木”,为了表现自己推行新法的决心与权威,商鞅巧妙地用一件守信的小事顺利地取信于民,为自己的变法道路奠定了强有力的群众基础。可见,“孝”文化与“信”文化能成为儒家思想的主要构成部分自有其必然的理由。
 
不过,无论是在法制建设还是在思想道德建设方面,国家都对“孝”进行了倡导与鼓励,例如新修订的《老年人权益保障法》将“常回家看看”写入法律条文,要求儿女多陪伴、孝顺老人;社会主义道德建设的“家庭美德”建设方面,号召建立父慈子孝、兄友弟恭的和谐家庭等。这些都体现了我们在推崇孝道上的不懈努力。
 
《孟子·万章上》中说:“孝之至,莫大于尊亲。”意思是儿女孝顺至极,莫过于对自己的父母亲人尊敬奉养。这句话跟“子游问孝”的典故有着异曲同工之妙。据《论语·为政篇》记载,孔子的学生子游问孔子:“什么是孝?”孔子答道:“今之孝者,是谓能养,至于犬马,皆能有养,不敬,何以别乎?”孔子的回答很有些义愤填膺的味道,他说如今所说的孝,指的是能够对父母做到奉养,但是我们对狗与马这样的动物同样也能做到奉养,所以,如果我们对待父母没有做到奉养的同时还报以尊敬,那奉养他们与奉养动物之间有什么区别呢?因此,对于父母,我们要孝,更要敬。
 
孝敬父母不在嘴上,空喊口号的行为是不可取的。有些人喜欢在社交网络上转发一些祝福,比如,转发就能使父母长命百岁之类的文章,或是在父母生日的时候在社交网络上写生日祝福等。这些虽是源自于儿女的拳拳孝心,但是多数父母并不熟悉社交软件,因此这样的祝福父母基本是看不到的。行胜于言,与其花费时间在社交网络上编辑祝福还不如给父母打一个电话,或是买一份小礼物,直接对父母表达自己的关心,让父母第一时间感受到自己的点滴祝福与爱意。
 
在这方面,汉代的韩伯愈堪称孝子典范。
 
有一次,韩伯愈的母亲因为韩伯愈犯了错,便挥着拄棍要对他施行家法,韩伯愈毫无二话地当即跪在地上任由母亲笞打自己的背部,只是打着打着,韩伯愈便哭了起来。母亲纳闷地问:“以前每次打你,你都绝不会哭,这次怎么才打几下你就哭哭啼啼的?”韩伯愈伤心地说:“因为我能感觉到以前母亲您打在我背上的拄棍很有力,但现在您打在我背上,我都感觉不到疼痛了,想来是因为母亲您年老力衰的缘故,所以我觉得十分难过。”韩伯愈对母亲的“孝”在这体察入微的细心中展现得淋漓尽致。
 
孝敬父母不在比上。尽孝不能盲目攀比,做面子工程以沽名钓誉的行为同样不可取。真正的孝敬要做到持之以恒地在日常生活中关爱父母。正如韩非子所说:“家贫则富之,父苦则乐之。”意思是若是家里穷的话就努力赚钱让家境富裕起来,免除父母的生活之忧;若是父母不开心的话就想办法令他们开怀,不让父母整日愁眉紧锁。这样满足父母切实需求的孩子才能算是贤能的孝子,即真正地“解其忧”才算“孝”。
 
当然,孝敬并非要“愚孝”,更不应生搬硬套地重演“二十四孝”。孝敬父母,也并不是要求孩子唯唯诺诺、毫无主见,而是要尊重父母的意见,同时与父母积极沟通,跟父母表达探讨自己的看法。至于该如何对待中国传统的“孝”文化,“取其精华,去其糟粕”的态度无疑是最可取的。
 

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