Let's Learn Something Cool - The Bergeron Process (How Precipitation Is Formed) by ruth-girl

steemstem · @ruth-girl · Sep 19 '17 (edited)

$29.24

Let's Learn Something Cool - The Bergeron Process (How Precipitation Is Formed)

<html>
<p>Hello steemians! In this post I'm going to present you the Bergeron process <em>(not bUrger-on, there are no food recipes on this post, sorry). </em>I read about it the other day and I thought it was quite exciting, so I wanted to share it with you.</p>
<p><img src="https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2015/07/30/18/23/burger-868145_960_720.jpg" width="250" height="250"/></p>
<p><em>(Image source: </em><a href="https://pixabay.com/en/burger-food-meat-cheese-tomato-868145/"><em>pixabay.com</em></a><em>)</em></p>
<p>If you remember from the <a href="https://steemit.com/steemiteducation/@ruth-girl/bizarre-natural-phenomena-vol-17-a-hole-in-the-clouds-the-fallstreak-hole">Fallstreak Cloud</a> post, the Bergeron process explains how ice crystals form rapidly within a very cold cloud. I found some really cool experiments you can do at home or at school (if you're a teacher or student) that will certainly make your audience admire you.</p>
<h2>The background</h2>
<p>In 1911, Alfred Wegener was the first to note the basic principle of ice growth through accumulating water vapor over ice crystals. His idea was that if this mechanism is correct and works within clouds, it would be able to explain how precipitation is formed. Almost a decade later, in 1922, Tor Bergeron's observations used Wegener's theory to support the idea that on days with below freezing temperatures, the ice crystals he saw on the tree branches, during his walks in the woods, were vapor "captured" from the supercooled stratus. Bergeron presented his theory in 1933 at the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics meeting (Lisbon - Portugal). At the end of the 1930s, a German meteorologist, Walter Findeisen, took this theory further with his theoretical and experimental work.</p>
<p>So, basically the full name of the process is "Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process" (WBF), although Bergeron's name is most widely used.</p>
<h2>The process</h2>
<p>Pure liquid water cannot turn into ice due to a lack of ice nucleation (no solid base for ice to form on). Freezing nuclei are sparsely scattered in the atmosphere. At a temperature of -10 degrees Celcius freezing nuclei can start forming and because those nuclei are not abundant, we can have a cloud where supercooled water and ice crystals exist in a balanced state. The Bergeron process is basically used to explain how precipitation is formed within mixed-phased clouds (clouds containing supercooled water and ice).&nbsp;The "ignition" can come from a drop in the temperature (in -40 degrees Celsius pure water starts turning to ice even in the absence of ice nuclei) or an imbalance in pressure that sparks the initial ice formation <em>(let's say if a plane happens to fly through a cloud)</em>.</p>
<p><img src="https://c1.staticflickr.com/9/8588/16579247328_4e85353552_b.jpg" width="1024" height="680"/><br>
<em>(Image source: </em><a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/pawansw/16579247328"><em>flickr.com</em></a><em>)</em></p>
<p>Within the ice-and-supercooled-water cloud there is an imbalance between the saturation <em>(the presence of water - H2O - in the air)</em> levels of the surrounding air. This means that around the ice crystals there is super-saturated air, whereas the air around the droplets is at a saturation equilibrium. To fill this difference water vapor will start forming from the droplets and attaching on the ice crystals. Saturation levels around the water droplets have now fallen, meaning that we need more water vapor to make up for it and we end up with a vicious cycle where ice crystals "feed" on water vapor at the expense of water droplets. The cold environment works for the ice crystals by offering them plenty of supercooled water droplets.&nbsp;</p>
<p>*<a href="http://weather.cod.edu/sirvatka/bergeron.html">here</a> you can check a table with saturation levels according to the surrounding temperatures.</p>
<p>In order for the Bergeron process to result in precipitation other conditions should also exist. As the crystals keep growing by accumulating water over their cold surface, they get heavier and start moving towards the lower levels of the cloud. Temperatures at the base of the cloud might be higher (higher than freezing point). So the ice might melt and get to the ground in the form of rain. Another possibility is for a below freezing air current to lie at the cloud base, meet the melted ice crystals and turn them into ice pellets. If this air current is on the surface of the cloud we get freezing rain. Virga is another possibility of precipitation that never gets to touch the ground due to evaporation.</p>
<h2>A short video explains very roughly how it all works:</h2>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gCNif1XFZk4</p>
<h2>The experiment</h2>
<p>In order to get a view of how this amazing process works you can follow the next steps:</p>
<ol>
  <li>Fill a bottle of distilled water.</li>
  <li>Put it in the refrigerator for about 3 hours.</li>
  <li>Carefully take it out and and do either of the following:
    <ol>
      <li>Hit the bottle against the table,</li>
      <li>Pour a small piece of ice into the water,</li>
      <li>Pour the water over an icy surface.</li>
    </ol>
  </li>
</ol>
<p>In either case you'll see ice forming rapidly using solely supercooled water and some ice.</p>
<h2>You can also check this video of people trying the above experiment:</h2>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fot3m7kyLn4</p>
<h2>And this one from our favorite SciShow team:</h2>
<p>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMSxuORKynI</p>
<h2>References</h2>
<p><a href="http://people.earth.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/Storelvmo/626-4119-1-PB.pdf">people.earth.yale.edu</a><br>
<a href="http://weather.cod.edu/sirvatka/bergeron.html">weather.cod.edu</a><br>
<a href="http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/fall99/atmo171-mcc/atmo171_f99_10.html">atmo.arizona.edu</a><br>
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wegener%E2%80%93Bergeron%E2%80%93Findeisen_process">wikipedia.org</a></p>
<p><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmQPRBLmhWag36FBxYVNJNKZRUsBbpPeZvm7FVixnWVXhk/13.png" width="1063" height="56"/></p>
<p>Thank you for stopping by and reading this post! If you liked my work you can always visit my blog, @ruth-girl, and check out my previous posts like the <a href="https://steemit.com/steemiteducation/@ruth-girl/bizarre-natural-phenomena-vol-18-shards-of-turquoise-glass-beautiful-lake-baikal">bizarre natural phenomena series</a> and <a href="https://steemit.com/steemiteducation/@ruth-girl/teaching-physics-2-the-air-properties-through-simple-experiments">lesson plans</a>.</p>
<p><img src="https://steemitimages.com/0x0/https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-ORWfbmqPk9A/WbfEfADUKCI/AAAAAAAAAZQ/SYoxFXatXvEGA2DiYkBrU482jC_62hySACLcBGAs/s640/STEMonster.jpg" width="640" height="399"/></p>
<p>&nbsp;Finally, for those of us engaging with education, <a href="https://steemit.com/@steemiteducation">@steemiteducation</a> is here to join all steemian educators in their common cause of making our job easier, more effective and more fun, because...&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PkRUmAHbSWU/WcGGw30oTsI/AAAAAAAAAHI/Yp8Cx3n0ZrQglde-aFRyMHGTuWYkg85YQCLcBGAs/s640/%2540rrtrt.jpg" width="640" height="360"/></p>
<p>Thank you for your time and as I like to say,&nbsp;<br>
Steem on and keep smiling, people! :)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</p>
<p><img src="https://steemitimages.com/DQmdW8FAbTKfaQ7UbsyYQEsFRbukwfU7ZBxNwhgwQigqT79/4.gif" width="400" height="24"/></p>
</html>

👍 curie, lafona-miner, justtryme90, dse, hendrikdegrote, whalereward, timsaid, steemstem, abigail-dantes, lemouth, kyriacos, pharesim, anwenbaumeister, fredrikaa, overmybrain, dber, mobbs, buildawhale, thevenusproject, zkalemiss, kushed, khalilalfamahera, dimitrisp, minnowsupport, nightshift1134, kharrazi, ghasemkiani, steemiteducation, the-devil, kouloumos, cjrc97, muxxybot, mcw, fyrstikken, ruth-girl, mariossap, iliasdiamantis, teacherspet, foundation, kenchung, nikoleondas, lamouthe, jamhuery, cryptos, logic, ovij, mountainwashere, followbtcnews, trumpman, zest, professorbromide, businesswri, tabea, arifulsms, fabulousfungi, lordkingpotato, steemprentice, shawnfishbit, minnowpond, onart, cryptastic, henryba, alexander.alexis, haythamnoury49, and 77 others

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@minnowpond1 · Sep 17 '17

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@minnowpond · Sep 17 '17

This post recieved an upvote from minnowpond. If you would like to recieve upvotes from minnowpond on all your posts, simply FOLLOW @minnowpond

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@minnowsupport · Sep 17 '17

<p>Congratulations!  This post has been upvoted from the communal account, @minnowsupport, by ruth-girl from the Minnow Support Project.  It's a witness project run by aggroed, ausbitbank, teamsteem, theprophet0, someguy123, neoxian, followbtcnews/crimsonclad, and netuoso.  The goal is to help Steemit grow by supporting Minnows and creating a social network.  Please find us in the <a href="https://discord.gg/HYj4yvw">Peace, Abundance, and Liberty Network (PALnet) Discord Channel</a>.  It's a completely public and open space to all members of the Steemit community who voluntarily choose to be there.</p>

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@ghasemkiani · Sep 17 '17

$0.05

Reblogged — let’s promote quality content!

👍 abigail-dantes, ruth-girl

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@ruth-girl · Sep 17 '17

Thank you my friend! :)

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@iliasdiamantis · Sep 17 '17

$0.03

Λιγο βαρουτσικο για κυριακη απογευμα , αλλα ενδιαφερον.
Μου θυμισε εναν καθηγητη στο πανεπιστημιο που εχει πει οτι η ακριβης μελετη μιας σταγονας βροχης απο την στιγμη που σχηματιζεται εως οτου φτασει στο εδαφος ειναι αντικειμενο διδακτορικου και βαλε.

👍 iliasdiamantis, ruth-girl, onart

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@ruth-girl · Sep 17 '17

Ωωωω ναι, εχει τοση λεπτομερεια και θεωρια που σου ζαλιζει τον εγκεφαλο.
Ευχαριστω για τη στηριξη! :)

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@buildawhale · Sep 17 '17

<p>This post has received a 1.66 % upvote from @buildawhale thanks to: @ruth-girl.
Send 0.100 or more SBD to @buildawhale with a post link in the memo field to bid on the next vote.</p>

<p>To support our curation initiative, please vote on my owner, @themarkymark, as a <a href="https://steemit.com/witness-category/@themarkymark/witness-themarkymark">Steem Witness</a></p>

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@steemitboard · Sep 17 '17

Congratulations @ruth-girl! You have completed some achievement on Steemit and have been rewarded with new badge(s) :

[![](https://steemitimages.com/70x80/http://steemitboard.com/notifications/voted.png)](http://steemitboard.com/@ruth-girl) Award for the number of upvotes received

Click on any badge to view your own Board of Honor on SteemitBoard.
For more information about SteemitBoard, click [here](https://steemit.com/@steemitboard)

If you no longer want to receive notifications, reply to this comment with the word `STOP`

> By upvoting this notification, you can help all Steemit users. Learn how [here](https://steemit.com/steemitboard/@steemitboard/http-i-cubeupload-com-7ciqeo-png)!

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@lordkingpotato · Sep 18 '17

Nice one @ruth-girl!

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@ruth-girl · Sep 18 '17

Thanks a lot!! :)

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@lordkingpotato · Sep 18 '17

No problem. Haha. :)

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@stoodkev · Sep 18 '17

$0.05

Very cool experience, and explained in great detail.
Great job :)

👍 stoodkev

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@ruth-girl · Sep 19 '17

Thank you very much!! :)

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