<div class = "text-justify">

Hi Steemians!

It is very important to know what to do at the time of any unforeseen event, especially when it occurs in children or elderly people. Next I will explain a little about how to give first aid in the emergencies that happen the most:

### Fractures
These occur when a bone breaks completely or partially. It can be caused by a strong blow, a fall, and sometimes by a twisting motion (violent contraction of a muscle). Most of the time a considerable force is required for a bone to break, but in children and the elderly the bones are more fragile, for this reason they are more frequent.
These injuries only put life in danger if they are accompanied by arterial hemorrhage or if they compromise the nervous system, producing paralysis (as in fractures of the spine).

+ Fractures can be:

a) Closed Fracture: the bone breaks and the skin remains intact.
b)  Open fracture: Involves the presence of an open wound and exit the fractured bone to the outside.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmREgK6GJV5CpUKBkso2ZubFaJAV1CfL9gNdzEr3C1EQVs/imagen.png)
[Source]( http://www.planetayurveda.com/library/home-remedies-for-fracture)
</center>

+ Fractures can also be:
a) Multiple or comminuted: When the bone breaks into several fractions, called splinters.
b) Incomplete: Fissure when the bone rupture is not total.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmX9fQXoR6MeAbXMHGWw9GruWZmtsgstcHZdGw5FXtSdro/imagen.png)
[Source](http://www.merckvetmanual.com/dog-owners/bone,-joint,-and-muscle-disorders-of-dogs/bone-disorders-in-dogs)
</center>


### What to do in the event of a fracture

1. Avoid mobilizations
2. Exploration:
◦ Primary evaluation: vital signs.
◦ Secondary evaluation: asking about sensations, pain, possibility of movement, comparison of extremities, etc.
3. Evaluate the distal pulses (radial or pedio), to rule out the existence of internal hemorrhages.
4. Before an open fracture put sterile dressing on the wound.
5. Cover the injured person (Thermal protection).
6. Evacuation, maintaining control of vital signs and monitoring the conditioning of the fracture.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmaZFaoAUoWNzVDsmmoEB5cESmHkwks3iqxGiJ7Yws2z5f/imagen.png)
[Source](https://twitter.com/sumamostodos/status/581003628061700096)
</center>


### Sprains
These occur when a person twists a joint, and the tissues (muscular and tendons) that are under the skin, get hurt. Blood and fluids seep through the torn blood vessels and cause inflammation and pain in the area. A serious sprain can include a fracture or dislocation of the bones of the joint. The joints that are most easily injured are those found in the ankle, elbow, knee, wrist and fingers. The victim may not feel much pain and continue his activities normally.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmRKCMEAP92YcoRHGe7tJQ4iksC1mmvy4pWGfMLSzxq8P7/imagen.png)
[Source](http://p-ortho.com/ankle-injury/)
</center>

### What to do in case of sprain
1. Apply ice immediately, which reduces inflammation.
2. The affected area should not move, for which a firm bandage is applied, although it should not be tightened. If this is the case, a splint will be used to immobilize the area.
3. The joint should be elevated above the level of the heart to reduce inflammation.
4. The joint must be kept at rest for several days, to allow inflammation and tissue recovery.
5. To reduce pain and inflammation, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid, and other pain medications can be given.
6. The recovery time ranges from seven to ten days for mild sprains, but can last between three and five weeks in severe cases. Pressure should not be applied to the affected area until the sprain is resolved.
It is advisable to consult a doctor before a sprain, especially if a deformity appears in the joint, a very acute pain is present, a possible fracture is suspected.
7. It is also advisable to go to the doctor if the inflammation does not disappear in a couple of days, if symptoms of infection appear, if the pain persists after several weeks.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmeotWxSNLYBxpvo8guBMbe2ZLuQcNDZm1KxwY1ZScDWsU/imagen.png)
[Source](http://visionsalud.net/esguinces-y-torceduras-que-hacer-y-como-manejarlos/)
</center>

### Hemorrhages.
It is the outflow of blood by rupture of a blood vessel. A profuse hemorrhage comes from the laceration of one or more veins or arteries. Loss of blood from these injuries can cause the death of the victim in 3 to 5 minutes.

+ Types of hemorrhages.
a) Arterial hemorrhage, in which the blood gushes out intermittently according to the pulse and is bright red.
b) Venosa, which is dark red and springs continuously.
c) Capillary, which is smaller in size and red in color.
 

<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmf2i4TcSkWvbqZ6dNxbWSu2jE3RC9AipNAdXwWzCQtwVX/imagen.png)
[Source](http://www.firstaidforfree.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-bleeding-in-first-aid/)
</center>


+ Hemorrhages in turn can be external or internal.

a) External hemorrhage when we see it coming out through a wound.
b) Internal bleeding is a loss of blood that can accumulate inside tissues, organs, or body cavities, such as the head, chest, and abdomen.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTRB6CgB9FsNnZe4hT1wC2TTZL64MRQ9W8SYhpYpohS3n/imagen.png)
[Source](http://slideplayer.com/slide/5900771/)
</center>


To control external bleeding, perform the following steps:

1. Direct pressure. Apply a compress or clean cloth to the wound with sustained pressure. If you do not have a compress or cloth, you can press directly with your hand, as long as you wear disposable gloves. If the person is in a position to cooperate, ask him to compress the wound site herself.

2. Compression. Most hemorrhages can be controlled with direct pressure. When the wounds are too large or when you have to attend to other people, direct pressure with the hand can be replaced by a bandage that compresses enough but allows the circulation of arterial blood (presence of pulse).


• If the wound continues to bleed, place additional dressings without removing the initial dressing.
• If it still continues to bleed, then put on a compressive bandage.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmSPcYBw6KcwsL7KAj4etXNyjJkyPBVrW218g1Nj74FxxX/imagen.png)
[Source](https://www.diariolibre.com/revista/primeros-auxilios-heridas-i-MYdl53482)
</center>


+ Nasal Hemorrhage.

To control the nosebleed (epistaxis), compress the nose in the lower half below the nasal bones with the thumb and forefinger, and tilt the affected person's head slightly to prevent the person from swallowing the blood.

1. Compress with your thumbs and forefinger the nose and tilt the affected person's head slightly forward.
2. If the bleeding continues, in addition to compressing the nose, place a gauze under the nostrils.
 
<center>![](https://steemitimages.com/DQmTvWyEeEseBCrH5He1JVKKFMCwTPBJdhUbb8Vy29gyFtq/imagen.png)
[Source](https://www.healthline.com/health/posterior-nosebleed)
</center>


Thank you for reading.

For more information, visit the following links:

+ [http://www.firstaidforfree.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-bleeding-in-first-aid/](http://www.firstaidforfree.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-bleeding-in-first-aid/)

+ [http://www.planetayurveda.com/library/home-remedies-for-fracture](http://www.planetayurveda.com/library/home-remedies-for-fracture)

+ [http://p-ortho.com/ankle-injury/](http://p-ortho.com/ankle-injury/)