INTRODUCTION OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY AND WORLD INDUSTRIAL AREAS
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THE RISE OF MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY.
Men's universal demand for food, clothing, shelter and other comforts of life has prompted the creation of many new things. Foods are preserved or canned to last longer. Modern homes have telephones, television sets, refrigerators, washing machines and other luxuries. few people ever realise that all these changes have come about only within the last 200 years, beginning with the Industrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. Two great developments, the burning of coal for steam power and the smelting of iron to make steel, have ushered in a new phase in human history, the age of science and technology. A host of raw materials such as cotton, timber, rubber, copper, bauxite and limestone can be converted into manufactured goods of great utility like shirts, paper, tyres, copper wire, aluminium and cement. The work of domestic craftsmen has been taken over by highly complicated machines. Village workshops were forced out of business and in their place were established factories. The manufacturing industries penetrate deeply into the life of everybody. The Industrial growth was greatest in Western Europe and North America. It is spreading fast into other continents and to the less developed countries. The increase in the population of Industrial workers and the greater productivity of each worker have increased the annual output of manufactured products many times. Through greater automation and standardized mass production, Industrial expansion seems likely to go on and on.
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GROUP OF INDUSTRIES
The range and complexity of modern manufacturing industries are so great that it is by no means easy to classify them but most of them fall into the following seven groups.
1. Fuel and power industry. This branch of industry deals entirely with the generation, extraction or refining of the various sources of power : steam power (mainly from coal), hydro-electricity (from falling water), thermal electricity (from burning other fuels), petrol and oil (from the refining of petroleum). In addition to these are natural gas and nuclear power.
2. Mineral extracting industry. This includes the concentration, smelting and alloying of minerals and the smelting of non-ferrous metals, e.g. copper, tin, aluminium, lead, zinc and their alloyed metals such as brass and bronze; also that of ferrous metals, e.g. iron, maganese, chromium, nickel, tungsten, cobalt, vanadium, molybdenum and others.
3. Metallurgical industry. This section refers to machinery, instruments, equipment and tools that are manufactured from metals. It includes iron and steel works, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, shipbuilding, locomotives, automobiles, aircraft and cutlery.
4. Chemicals industry. This is the production and development of a chain of scientifically devised materials of a highly specialized nature and is encroach - ing into almost every branch of industry. Some of the most important products of this branch of industry include: acids, alkalis, gases, dyestuffs, soap, paints, varnishes, solvents, detergents, fertilizers, insecticides, pharmaceuticals (drugs and medicines), glass, plastic, paper and pulp, synthetic fibres and synthetic oils.
5. Textiles. This is one of the oldest and the most widespread industries. It is the spinning and weaving of textile materials from cotton, wool, flax (linen), silk, jute, hemp and hairs. The existing textile centres have also developed artificial fibres from synthetic or nitrogenous materials, e.g. rayon, nylon, dacron, teteron, terylene, Perlon.
6. Food processing industry. This is the preparation of foodstuffs for human consumption from both animal and vegetative sources and includes flour milling, oil milling, sugar refining, meat packing, brewing, confectionery as well as the canning, bottling, preservation and preparation of a whole range of foodstuffs like fish, fruits, vegetables, beverages, spices, breakfast cereals and other products.
7. Rest of the consumer goods industries. This branch loosely covers all the rest of the manufactured goods consumed or used by men. They include such miscellaneous industries as footwear, furniture, pottery and porcelain, printing, cement, toys, cosmetics, jewellery and other luxury goods.
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FACTORS OF INDUSTRIAL LOCATION.
Many factors may play a role in deciding where industries should be located and it is never easy to pin-point them all. An industrialist who sets out to locate a site for his workshop will have to assess, to the best of his ability, the various forces that may influence his investment. Basically, the production factors, raw materials, power and human resources merit his greatest attention. A good network of transport enables all the production factors to be assembled at his factory site at the lowest possible cost. But unless there is a demand for his goods, all the other advantages will serve no purpose. The location of the site in relation to the entire trading zone and, above all, the period of time when the enterprise was undertaken also affect Industrial location. No single factor decides the location and the growth of an industry. The factors are complementary, reacting upon one another in a complex fashion. Very often the advantage of one factor is offset by the disadvantage of another. For instance an abundant, cheap labour force may be offset by low output and inefficiency, or by high transport costs, or by unavailability of certain vital raw materials. It is never easy to secure an ideal site. The entrepreneur simply has to make the best use of whatever factors are at his disposal.
The following are the various factors that are normally considered in the location of an industry.
1. Raw materials. Raw materials are the basic requirements of any manufacturing industry. No factory can turn out goods unless it has some raw materials to begin with. They may be in the form of metals, ores, rocks, cereals, fibres, beverages or any other economic product. Before the development of an adequate system of roads, railways, waterways, sea and air routes, industries were very localized, depending to a great extent on the availability of local raw materials. The pencil-making industry of Keswick in the Lake District owed its existence to the availability of local graphite and timber. On a larger scale, the cotton textile industry of Bombay was based, and is still dependent, on the supply of raw cotton from the Deccan cotton fields. The timber and paper industry of Canada relies entirely on its temperate forests. This avoids the unnecessary transport of waste materials, e.g. sawn timber makes up less than 40 per cent of wood in a log, the rest being mainly waste.
Modern industries require a wide variety of raw materials and not all of them are available on the spot, imports are necessary. For example, the iron and steel industry requires iron ore, coke and flux and Ferro-alloys such as manganese, nickel and chromium. The Ruhr district of West Germany has abundant coal and limestone ( used for flux) but nowadays has little iron. It imports the iron from Sweden, and the other Ferro-alloys from all over the world. It is not true to say that without local raw materials, industries will not prosper. Britain has no cotton yet she has been a leading exporter of cotton textile since the nineteenth century.
2. Power or fuel. If you look at the world's Industrial areas, shown in Fig. 172, you will realise that the greatest concentration is around the major coal-fields. This can be easily explained. As industries began with the Industrial Revolution, when coal was the only available fuel to generate steam-power to run the machinery, Industrial sites had to be located at or near the coalfields. Furthermore, the fuel efficiency was extremely low at that time requiring something like twelve tons of coal to smelt one ton of iron ore. The pull of a coalfield as an industrial location factor was indisputable! In fact, almost all the major Industrial areas of the world are based on coalfields e.g. the Ruhr, Pittsburgh, Midlands, Donbas, Kuzbas, Jamshedpur, Sydney and others. With the improvement made in fuel efficiency today, requiring only one ton of coal to smelt one ton of iron ore, it matters very little whether iron ore is brought to coalfields or coal to iron fields but industry remains in the coalfield areas where it was first established.
Its great bulk, its higher transport cost and its lower energy output, have all contributed to the declining importance of coal as a fuel. But its use is still of economic significance. Coal is still burnt to power steam turbines, to generate thermal electricity or as a source of coke for smelting. Useful by -products from the coke ovens, e.g. gas, benzole, coal-tar for dyestuffs, ammonium sulphate for fertilizers and for manufacturing nylon are also important.
The most economical from of power is electricity both thermal and hydro. It is clean, efficient, and can be easily transmitted. Modern Industrial plants are run by electricity, but because it is easily transmitted from place to place it is rarely a significant control over Industrial location. In some cases, however, it is important. For instance, the siting of aluminium smelting plants relies to a large extent on the supply of cheap and abundant hydroelectric power as at Kinlochleven, Scotland; Odds, Norway and Kitimat, British Columbia.
Though petroleum is extensively used in industries as a form of power, it is seldom a factor of location. The Middle East, Venezuela and many other petroleum drilling areas have few manufacturing industries. There are, however, industries at the exporting ports or importing ports where the products of oil refining, give rise to Petro-chemical and allied industries.
Other sources of power such as natural gas, solar and nuclear power are used only in the very advanced nations. When their extraction and control is perfected on a commercial scale, they may be a decisive factor in the location of future Industrial areas.
3. Transport. The function of transport is to move raw materials to Industrial sites and to convey the finished products to the consuming districts. Bulky goods like coal, iron, timber, grains and heavy machinery are most economically conveyed by waterways. Rivers and canals have long been regarded as a vital link between the 'maker' and 'user' of consumer goods. The Rhine and its associated canal system serve the Industrial district of three European nations _ Switzerland, West Germany and the Netherlands. In North America, the St. Lawrence_ Great Lakes waterway links the Atlantic with the interior.
Reference
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