![marche23 thumbnail.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmeehxWc4vavC3UUSbETqJQHrVeSP27xrWmHuBsb2BLgD6/marche23%20thumbnail.png)

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### Introduction
In [lesson #1](https://steemit.com/artzone/@javier.dejuan/curved-drawing-lessons-1-geometry-beyond-planar-perspective) we have shown that beyond a drawing lays a _geometry_ which governs the different features represented in the image.  This geometry bring us tools to measure distances, paths and angles as well as a way to compare one object among its neighbours through the perspective.
The most popular _geometry_ is called Euclidean geometry learnt at every school since centuries. Euclidean geometry is then the most common mathematical support where graphics, paintings and illustrations are built. This _geometry_ simply forwards visual information from the reference plane to the projected plane. 
Since a plane has no _curvature_, drawings built over a plane are considered as _flat_ drawings.
We have also enunciate the poor performance of this geometry. I summarize then here:
* small horizontal and vertical Field of View (around 50º).
* Objects outside Field of View are not represented in the projected plane or _surface_.
* Extremely low graphic density.

Finally, we have introduced a category called _curved_ drawing which recalls to a _different_ geometry. 

In this lesson we will introduce a new kind of geometry, called _spherical_ geometry which will help us to overcame the limits of Euclidean geometry.

### The Earth is not a flat plane

Let's go back to our painter and observe what is in fact happening:


![forwarding information.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmWjYbePCHigY6rcdmnUFNKnqukoygzfpSDyv34dDjsWSe/forwarding%20information.png)
<center>_Old master painter in Euclidean comfort zone_</center>

When I was at school, in my last year, I had an incredible mathematics teacher who was called Monsieur Aubry. Monsieur Aubry had enormous quotes which I have retain somewhere in my memory. Like this one:
<center>_Vous êtes incapable de voir au de-là de votre propre nez_</center>
<div class="text-right">(Monsieur Aubry, Lycée Français de Madrid, 1988)
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Which in English means, _you are unable to see beyond your own nose_. Mathematics are nothing but the most pure and elegant art among all the arts. Mathematics requires to constantly think beyond limits and pray to have a _happy idea_ to see things in a different way. But Monsieur Aubry also advise us not to talk about mathematics outside the classroom, so I will follow his advise and continue with my description. 

Following Monsieur Aubry quote, let's zoom out from the scene of our old master painter, and let's see things in a different way:






<center>![forwarding information sphere 3.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQCTjMytLeWvMgp8hvhRG9hpW9NsW6bE5uon5yFwfofGL/forwarding%20information%20sphere%203.png)  _Vous êtes incapable de voir au de-là de votre propre nez -Monsieur Aubrey message to mediocre scholars- (Illustration from the author)_
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In fact, we can assume that the world we see is projected into the surface of a sphere which center is located in the middle of our eyes (I am not considering here a _stereoscopic_ model which would contain two spheres, one for each eye, just for simplify this subject).

Now, let's remove the flat canvas and bring to our old master painter a brush large enough to paint into the surface sphere:

<center> 
![forwarding information sphere 4 with brush.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmPNcPvShLq3Bzz2LgwWG3GGskyfeMSD4yNUmKAXqU9AND/forwarding%20information%20sphere%204%20with%20brush.png)
_Old Master painter drawing into a sphere (Illustration from the author)_
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If this were possible, our friend painter could then draw on the entire surface of the sphere, not only in front of his nose, but in all directions! 

I want to notice that **every single dot in the world** outside the sphere has a **one and only intersection point** in the surface of the sphere. Intuitively, close your eyes and imagine your head into a sphere, then trace a ray from the middle of your eyes to a spot in front of you. This ray will intersect somewhere with the surface of the sphere, but this intersection will be unique.


So with the sphere as the new _projection_ surface we can:
* extend the FOV up to 360º Horizontal and 180º Vertical which is the FOV needed to make a _panoramic_ drawing
* draw features located up, down, at the right, at the left, even we could draw our own nape!


We have good news, because this IS POSSIBLE. Let's see how.

### Flattening the sphere: the Equirectangular projection

The sphere has unique properties among all the curved surfaces. Every point located in the surface of a sphere can be referenced by two angles.  Those angles are the _latitude_ and _longitude_:


<center>![latitude and longitude.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQZ6YU2qqPQZodRT9o6bXswvoSr1DE2zRrq5Cvko7XuCj/latitude%20and%20longitude.png)_Latitude and longitude of point P located on the skin of a sphere(Illustration from author)_</center>

I do not pretend, dear reader, to take you to your drawing location with a balloon in your head. There is a way to solve this problem and draw back into a flat support. Follow me!
For each point P located in the surface of the sphere we are going to register it's latitude and longitude in a flat plane:

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![figura descripcion proyeccion equirectangular.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmSCp7PN7YVGhd4XfKuDR1GHZd3cXYfxG9fEH3Vwnup1tu/figura%20descripcion%20proyeccion%20equirectangular.png)
_Equirectangular projection of a sphere_ (Illustration from the author)</center>

So, in a sheet of paper, draw a rectangle which ratio is 2:1. In the horizontal axis we will refer the longitude of every point located in the sphere. In the same way, in the vertical axis we will transfer the latitude of the latter point. Since longitude is bounded in the interval [ 0, 360º ] and latitude in the interval [ -90º , +90º ] the length of the horizontal axis is double the length of the vertical axis. 

This is going to be our new drawing support for the following lessons. It is a flat plane, in fact, but instead of locating points by its (x,y) coordinates, we located points by its (latitude,longitude) angles. 


As you are curious to see how a drawing looks like in this new support, here are some examples:

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![marche23.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbosineeeyAP9pERDqBxrwyiDqdEgG3gDJVgkoNwtxPJL/marche23.jpg)
_Marché des Halles, Angoulême, France, freehand 360º drawing, March 2018 (Illustration from the author)_</center>
![angouleme.jpg](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdd3z97CLpfKzr5paWgQYAPMjw3WqTkRwpkHvHAEAJz3F/angouleme.jpg)
<center>_Place François Louvel, Angoulême, France  (drawing from the author)_</center>


![place du minage.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdcvpZJbRtaufEmNSVEsbL1LrcdMr7rt3gdTDgGoxvzZK/place%20du%20minage.png)
<center>_Place du Minage, Angoulême, France, 360º freehand sketch (drawing from the author)_</center>

Now, it is very important to outline how this spherical geometry transforms the information:
* Straight lines are no longer straight lines but _geodesics_ lines
* Angle are no longer maintained. The sum of three angles of a triangle is no longer 180º like all our school mathematician teachers told us.

And, finally, maybe some of you are wondering what happens with the horizon line, which was an infinite straight line in our Euclidean geometry:

![horizon line.png](https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcssPz1uXPMoRNq2kMEUB5AzmKdETKeqS4Nj5nWWYmtPx/horizon%20line.png)
<center>_Horizon Lines (Illustration from the author)_  </center>



Well, the horizon line is no longer an infinite straight line but a circle, Monsieur Aubry would have call this a  _maximum circle_.

Ok, your mind is blowing now, I will stop this lesson here. Just for your information, in the modern an western world it has been agreed that a practical demonstration of the sphericity of the Earth was carried out by the sailors Ferdinand Magellan and Juan Sebastian Elcano on his circumnavigation expedition of the world (1519-1523) (source _wikipedia_).

Meanwhile, graphic illustrators, painters, sketchers, has been thinking for more than 25 centuries that the horizon line was an infinite straight line. A mathematical update was then necessary. So, ladies and gentleman it is time to send to Mr Euclides to retreat, with honor.

### Summary
In this important lesson we have describe the spherical geometry which is based in the sphere. With this geometry the constraints found with Euclidean geometry has been relaxed. So, now it is possible to:
* draw images with a Field of View up to 360º  vertical and 180º Horizontal
* draw features  located up, down, at our right, left or back.
* boost the graphic density, as in the same sheet of paper we can represent a spherical universe. 

Also, this geometry transforms straight lines into geodesics and does not maintain angles.

We have also describe a way to flatten the sphere into a flat support in order to avoid going drawing with a beach ballon in our head, the _equirectangular projection_. The next lesson will be focused on how we can freehand draw onto this new support and how we can achieve a 360º drawing.

It has been a deep an intense class, but, this lesson is crucial to understand the foundations of spherical drawing. 


 Again, thank you for reading and stay tune to this course!

Have fun!







<center>A.M.G.D</center>
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