<div class="text-justify">I love it when time for some science comes again. Do you? In my series <b>physics explained</b> I try to bring science to everyone and make it fun and easy to understand, promote it in a way. So far, I have been told I do a good job with this but you be the judge of that and check my previous scientific posts:</div>
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<a href="https://steemit.com/science/@zen-art/cold-boiling-water-physics-explained-with-zen-art">COLD BOILING WATER</a>
<a href="https://steemit.com/science/@zen-art/how-do-we-see-colors-physics-explained">HOW DO WE SEE COLORS</a>
<a href="https://steemit.com/science/@zen-art/everything-is-magnetic-physics-explained">EVERYTHING IS MAGNETIC!</a>
<a href="https://steemit.com/science/@zen-art/calculate-the-speed-of-light-using-chocolate-physics-explained">CALCULATE THE SPEED OF LIGHT USING CHOCOLATE</a>
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<div class="text-justify">This time we will talk about heat and temperature and learn everything (almost everything) about them, especially the difference between them. I do hope, that after reading this post some things will be much clearer to you. There is even a little assignment for you, you can call it an experiment and some calculation will be involved but don't worry, I will help you. Are you ready to heat things up?</div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdgWN1x2Ungad7Cmkn3Y6bkU9WrG2zCwuk2HSSAwuL2Xs/1d5ae138a47f6399da0f3f7717a68485.jpg</center>
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<div class="text-justify">Some people often mix these two terms up and sometimes even think that they mean the same thing. They don't. On one hand, heat is energy and on the other, temperature is a measure of energy. To simplify it, saying that heat and temperature are the same is like saying that mass and scale are the same.</div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb6Aix49vNmH9MXCaBB9jLF6osu1QVzoDHAqwvJowWmhA/image.png</center>
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https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmev2wEpKL56oXGhcy4JMtTCggDTKjPi6zWNd5yRp7YksB/imageedit_177_5167427994.png

<div class="text-justify">Heat is the total amount of kinetic and potential energies possessed by the molecules in any piece of matter. Its symbol is <b>Q</b> or <b>q</b> and it is measured in Joules. </div>
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<center><h2><i>Heat is not stored in a body.</i></h2></center>
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<center>Heat is energy in transition so it is incorrect to say that it is stored.</center>
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<div class=pull-right>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdWSfBcHBq9F3ongFzSjmk8oLiFVhLofSjrQsNWCUjRs8/flame-1789451_960_720.jpg</div>
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<div class="text-justify">Another definition for heat is that it is a moving energy that is transferred from a hotter body to colder one. We say that heat flows, it is never still. Almost always there is an increase in temperature that comes along with this transfer. I wrote "almost always" because the change of physical phase (melting, sublimation, boiling) happens with heat being absorbed by the body without temperature change.</div>
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<center><h2><i>Different materials heat up differently.</i></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify">Heat capacity (we use the lower letter <b>c</b> as a symbol for it) is the amount of energy required to raise a unit mass of any substance through a specified temperature interval. We measure it in  J/kg · ºC or J/kg ·K. For water, c equals https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmUMPnbxThoNhjcrBoRxZE6REG8rp3u8pyDCx5agLLe1fq/image.png which means that it takes that amount of joules of heat to raise one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius.</div>
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<div class="text-justify">Heat capacity helps us to express the relationship between heat and temperature. Q is the heat transferred to some material, m is the mass of that material, c is the specific heat of it, and delta T is the change in temperature. Here is the formula:</div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmVeQxNxjBeQvLSFpn8bxuF8aJnEQUeZ1H8XemquXjYTya/image.png</center>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmbdXm1VoUHKv97g98FVcfLjRBgjK1JHPdx4pdm6KQBUGd/imageedit_179_6751119360.png</center>
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<div class="text-justify">Remember when I said that heat goes from hotter body to colder one? It always behaves in this way. When it is really cold in the winter and you make yourself a cup of hot tea and hold it in your hand, the cup will transfer heat to your body. Your body did not cool down the cup, the cup warmed you up. A similar thing happens in summer when it is really hot outside and you order some ice tea. When you hold that cold glass, heat is being transferred from you (the hotter body) to glass (the colder body). This transfer happens until both bodies are at the same temperature. </div>
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<center><h2><i>Still don't believe me?</i></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify">Find a floor that has tiles on it. Take off your shoes and socks and stand on those tiles. You will feel their coldness on the souls of your feet but after some time it will pass. When you step off the tiles and put your hand where you were standing you will notice that the surface is much hotter than its surrounding tiles on which you did not stand. The conclusion is that the heat got transferred from you to the floor.</div>
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<center><h2><i>Seriously? Still don't believe me?</i></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify">Ok, one last thing and we will finish with this. What happens when you throw some ice into the fire? Does the ice transfer its coldness to fire? Does the fire freeze? I didn't think so, thank you.</div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb6Aix49vNmH9MXCaBB9jLF6osu1QVzoDHAqwvJowWmhA/image.png</center>
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https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmX28QZ4HcmX4vLdc9q29TaaBZsp92uSu23Mg99gdSK7kU/imageedit_181_3466686595.png
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<div class="text-justify">Since we started talking about heat being transferred from hotter bodies to colder ones, let's see how that happens. There are 3 ways heat can get transferred; conduction, convection, and radiation. </div>
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<h2>CONDUCTION</h2>
<div class="text-justify">Conduction is a heat transfer between molecules, which are in direct contact with each other, without the movement of particles. It happens in solids or fluids.</div>
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<h2>CONVECTION</h2>
<div class="text-justify">Convection is a heat transfer where particles are moving from place to place. It happens in liquids or gases.</div>
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<h2>RADIATION</h2>
<div class="text-justify">Radiation is a heat transfer which takes place with no material carrier. Objects do not need to be in touch. </div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmTC2fZBjPm1HnvZRXpoStsa5NZ98qyyyGjutZ2qg42EzC/imageedit_183_9838292177.png</center>
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<div class="text-justify">We have all 3 transfers in the image above. Fire is heating up everything in its surroundings with radiation (just like the Sun does). The water in the pot is heated up because of convection; particles are moving. As for your hand, it got burned by conduction because you are holding a metal handle that got heated up because of conduction.</div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmb6Aix49vNmH9MXCaBB9jLF6osu1QVzoDHAqwvJowWmhA/image.png</center>
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https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmYFtdhHwaRHqyMuzwsedgDCpzJrvwm45nybLvfsuC9NQy/imageedit_185_8201716672.png
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<div class="text-justify">Temperature relates to the average kinetic energy of microscopic motions of a single particle in the system per degree of freedom. It is defined as the average kinetic energy of all molecules together and it does not rely on size and type of a substance. That is why we call it an <b>intensive property</b>, it is independent of the quantity of matter. The symbol for temperature is <b>T</b> and we measure it with Kelvin, Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.</div>
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<div class=pull-right>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmRF7icqdSvPSXX2wehhj2A6EbdaxjdtfJFninGFKNFtrR/thermometer-1134182_960_720.png</div>
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<div class="text-justify">The three scales for measuring temperature are in use in different parts of our world and in different situations.  Fahrenheit (°F) temperature scale is used in the United States, the Celsius (°C) temperature scale is used in countries that have adopted the metric system of measurement and the Kelvin (K) scale is the international standard for scientific temperature measurement.</div>
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<center><h2><i> Do you want to do some math?</i></h2></center>
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<div class="text-justify">If you want to play a little with math and see what some Celsius temperature equals in Fahrenheit or Kelvin, here is some help. To get the kelvins just add 273 to your Celsius number. The Kelvin scale (K) is a measure of absolute temperature so temperatures expressed in Kelvins are always positive. Absolute zero, 0 K (–273ºC), is the lowest theoretical temperature any material can have.</div>
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<div class="text-justify">When changing the temperature from Celsius to Fahrenheit, things get a bit more complicated but not that much that you can not handle it. In the formula below, just put Celsius number where the <b>x</b> stands and you will calculate the <b>y</b> which is the Fahrenheit number.</div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmQghoWJuPqcsUwgvRQQYub8jgzjWpjf9QTbUWAaV7u3Rz/image.png</center>
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<div class="text-justify">Remember when I mentioned kinetic energy at the start of my explanation of temperature and how I said that the 0 K  is the lowest temperature any material can have? Let's combine those two things to make some things clearer. Kinetic energy is energy an object has because of its motion. It depends on mass and speed of an object. The greater the speed, the greater that energy is. Solids are solids because their molecules do not have enough kinetic energy to move, they only vibrate, while molecules in liquids and gasses have more kinetic energy and are able to escape each other. What does this have to do with heat and temperature, you wonder?</div>
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<div class="text-justify"><b>Absolute zero is defined as the temperature at which the molecules have zero kinetic energy.</b> They cannot move anymore. That temperature cannot go any lower because molecules cannot move any less than not moving at all.</div>
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https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcjE6exBjy9Q7qfcX5VyHeXzQVYVmMBbHaifY5ebgL7dz/imageedit_187_2970816764.png
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<div class="text-justify">This is an easy exercise that you can even do with your kids. All you have to do is boil some water and ask your child to be your tester of when is the water safe to drink. Just kidding, do not let your child burn his lips. Wait until you are sure it is safe and then use him as your little tester. The purpose of this experiment is to find out how much heat boiling water needs to give to its surrounding before it becomes cold enough for us to drink it safely and without getting burned.</div>
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<h2>YOU WILL NEED:</h2>
- 200 mL of water, heat source and a pot
- pencil and paper
- a calculator
- a thermometer

<h2>WHAT TO DO:</h2>
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1. boil the water
2. measure the temperature when your little tester says it is fine to drink
3. do the math

<h2>HERE IS THE MATH I DID, FOLLOW ALONG:</h2>
<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmdJH628mkT2xGjqJ5i6yGsxjdfAaX6w2qBwNWkyJfAGgK/IMG_20180627_203246.png</center>
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<div class="text-justify">My apologies for not so good photo but what can I say, I have a lousy phone. I am trying to save some money for a new one so all your upvotes and donations are greatly appreciated. Someday, my scientific posts will look even better, just you wait 😎</div>
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<div class="text-justify">And there you go, you learned something about heat and temperature today and even did some math. Good for you! I am curious to know how you like this post and if you did your own calculation. Until next time, keep your thinking caps on and always, always, always <b>KEEP YOUR SMILE ON!</b></div>
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<center>https://cdn.steemitimages.com/DQmcFKViJLXtdogJexUtSmKQbD7rPKr8xGHsvTwo2MDetqe/image.png</center>
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<h2>Sources for this article (References):</h2>

<a href="http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter12section1.rhtml">Heat and temperature from Sparknotes - SAT physics</a>
<a href="https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/thermodynamics-chemistry/internal-energy-sal/a/heat">Heat and temperature from KHANACADEMY - What heat means in thermodynamics</a>
<a href="https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-heat-and-temperature.html">Difference Between Heat and Temperature from keydifferences.com</a>
<a href="https://keydifferences.com/difference-between-conduction-convection-and-radiation.html">Conduction, Convection and Radiation from keydifferences.com</a>
<a href="https://www.diffen.com/difference/Heat_vs_Temperature">Heat vs. Temperature from diffen.com</a>
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/heat">Heat from ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA</a>
<a href="https://www.britannica.com/science/temperature">Temperature from ENCYCLOPEDIA BRITANNICA</a>


<h2>Image sources:</h2>
<div class="text-justify">
 - cover image is from <a href="https://pngtree.com/freepng/ink-effect_3549224.html">https://pngtree.com/</a> and royality free<br>
- clipart image in my titles and the image of different heat transfers are from<a href="http://clipart-library.com/"> Free Clip Art Library</a>and are free for use<br> 
-  the fire image is from pixabay and is under CC0 license, made by <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/users/Werbefuzzy68-2264281/">Werbefuzzy68</a><br>
-  the thermometer image is from pixabay and is under CC0 license, made by <a href="https://pixabay.com/en/users/Pixaline-1569622/">Pixaline</a><br>
- small images of formulas are from one of the sourced text; <a href="http://www.sparknotes.com/testprep/books/sat2/physics/chapter12section1.rhtml">sparknotes.com</a><br>
- photo of calculation is mine and taken by me<br>
- the bitmoji is well... my bitmoji. Get yours at https://www.bitmoji.com/</div></h6>
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